Let's address each part step by step: --- ## 1. Complete the following reactions by supplying the major product. ### **a. Benzene + Cl₂, FeCl₃** This is an **electrophilic aromatic substitution** (halogenation). **Major Product:** - **Chlorobenzene** **Reaction:** ``` Cl₂ / FeCl₃ C₆H₆ ------------> C₆H₅Cl ```  *Chlorobenzene structure* --- ### **b. Benzene + HNO₃, H₂SO₄** This is **nitration**. **Major Product:** - **Nitrobenzene** **Reaction:** ``` HNO₃ / H₂SO₄ C₆H₆ -------------> C₆H₅NO₂ ```  *Nitrobenzene structure* --- ### **c. Benzene + tert-butyl chloride, AlCl₃** This is a **Friedel-Crafts alkylation**. **Major Product:** - **tert-Butylbenzene** **Reaction:** ``` (CH₃)₃CCl / AlCl₃ C₆H₆ -----------------> C₆H₅C(CH₃)₃ ```  *tert-Butylbenzene structure* --- ### **d. Benzene + I₂, H₂O₂, H₂SO₄** This is **iodination** of benzene (requires oxidant like H₂O₂). **Major Product:** - **Iodobenzene** **Reaction:** ``` I₂, H₂O₂, H₂SO₄ C₆H₆ -----------------> C₆H₅I ```  *Iodobenzene structure* --- ### **e. Benzene + H₂SO₄ (heat)** This is **sulfonation**. **Major Product:** - **Benzene sulfonic acid** **Reaction:** ``` H₂SO₄ (heat) C₆H₆ -----------------> C₆H₅SO₃H ```  *Benzene sulfonic acid structure* --- ### **f. Benzene + CH₃COCl, AlCl₃** This is a **Friedel-Crafts acylation**. **Major Product:** - **Acetophenone** **Reaction:** ``` CH₃COCl / AlCl₃ C₆H₆ ---------------> C₆H₅COCH₃ ```  *Acetophenone structure* --- ## 2. Friedel-Crafts Product Ratio Explanation **Reaction:** - Benzene + tert-butyl chloride + AlCl₃ gives two possible products: - Direct alkylation (tert-butylbenzene) = **%** - Rearranged product (isopropylbenzene with methyl group, i.e., 1,1-dimethylpropylbenzene) = **100%** **Explanation:** - The alkyl chloride used is not tert-butyl chloride, but 1-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane. - When treated with AlCl₃, the initially formed carbocation can rearrange to a more stable tertiary carbocation. - **Carbocation Rearrangement:** Hydride shift occurs, forming a more stable 3° carbocation. - **Result:** The benzene attacks the rearranged, more stable carbocation, giving only the rearranged product. - **No direct product** is formed because the rearrangement is very fast and highly favorable. --- ## **Summary Table** | Reaction | Major Product | Structure/Name | |----------------------------------|---------------------------|------------------------| | Cl₂ / FeCl₃ | Chlorobenzene | C₆H₅Cl | | HNO₃ / H₂SO₄ | Nitrobenzene | C₆H₅NO₂ | | tert-Butyl Cl / AlCl₃ | tert-Butylbenzene | C₆H₅C(CH₃)₃ | | I₂, H₂O₂ / H₂SO₄ | Iodobenzene | C₆H₅I | | H₂SO₄ (heat) | Benzene sulfonic acid | C₆H₅SO₃H | | CH₃COCl / AlCl₃ | Acetophenone | C₆H₅COCH₃ | --- **Let me know if you need structures for each product or further clarification!**