give answer in 2 step with explanation at the end of each step and final answer at the end: Use properties of power series to derive the Laurent expansion of f ( z ) = ( ( e ^ z ) − 1 ) / z about the origin. Does f ( z ) have a singularity at z = 0 ?
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give answer in 2 step with explanation at the end of each step and final answer at the end: Use properties of power series to derive the Laurent expansion of f ( z ) = ( ( e ^ z ) − 1 ) / z about the origin. Does f ( z ) have a singularity at z = 0 ?
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Asked by: Test User 100215
Created at: 2025-05-09 05:54:28
Asked by: Test User 100215
Created at: 2025-05-09 05:54:28
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**Step 1: Write the power series for \( e^z \) and form \( f(z) \)**
Recall the Taylor (Maclaurin) series for \( e^z \) about \( z=0 \):
\[
e^z = 1 + z + \frac{z^2}{2!} + \frac{z^3}{3!} + \cdots = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{z^n}{n!}
\]
So, \( e^z - 1 = z + \frac{z^2}{2!} + \frac{z^3}{3!} + \cdots = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{z^n}{n!} \).
Now, \( f(z) = \frac{e^z - 1}{z} \):
\[
f(z) = \frac{1}{z} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{z^n}{n!} = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{z^{n-1}}{n!}
\]
**Explanation:**
We expressed \( e^z \) as a power series and subtracted 1 to get \( e^z - 1 \), then divided each term by \( z \) to find the series for \( f(z) \).
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**Step 2: Write the explicit form of the Laurent expansion and analyze the singularity**
Let’s write a few terms of the expansion:
\[
f(z) = \frac{z^0}{1!} + \frac{z^1}{2!} + \frac{z^2}{3!} + \cdots = 1 + \frac{z}{2} + \frac{z^2}{6} + \cdots
\]
There are **no negative powers of \( z \)**. Thus, the Laurent expansion is actually a Taylor series (regular power series) about \( z=0 \).
**Explanation:**
Since the series contains no negative powers of \( z \), \( f(z) \) is analytic at \( z=0 \); there is no pole or essential singularity.
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### Final Answer
The Laurent expansion of \( f(z) = \frac{e^z - 1}{z} \) about the origin is:
\[
f(z) = 1 + \frac{z}{2} + \frac{z^2}{6} + \cdots = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{z^{n-1}}{n!}
\]
**\( f(z) \) does *not* have a singularity at \( z=0 \);** it is analytic there. In fact, \( z=0 \) is a removable singularity, and the function is entire (analytic everywhere in \( \mathbb{C} \)).
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