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Asked by: Prasanna Manda
Created at: 2025-09-27 20:02:25
Final Answer:
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## 1. **Circuit and Parameters**
From the **first image**:
- You have a CMOS inverter circuit (one PMOS on top, one NMOS at the bottom).
- The table lists the following values:
- **VDD** = 1 V
- **V1** (PMOS threshold) = .4 V
- **Vth2** (NMOS threshold) = .4 V
- **<in1>** = .8 V
- **<in2>** = .4 V
- **<in3>** = .2 V
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## 2. **Transistor States Explanation**
### **NMOS (bottom transistor)**
- **Turns ON** (conducts) when **V<sub>IN</sub> > Vth2**
- **Turns OFF** when **V<sub>IN</sub> < Vth2**
### **PMOS (top transistor)**
- **Turns ON** (conducts) when **V<sub>IN</sub> < (VDD - |Vth1|)**
- **Turns OFF** when **V<sub>IN</sub> > (VDD - |Vth1|)**
For VDD = 1 V, Vth1 = .4 V:
- PMOS ON if **V<sub>IN</sub> < .6 V**
---
## 3. **Evaluating Each Input**
### **(a) For IN = <in1> = .8V**
- **NMOS:** .8V > .4V ⇒ **ON (Saturation/Active)**
- **PMOS:** .8V > .6V ⇒ **OFF**
- **OUT:** Pulled **LOW** (V, VSS)
### **(b) For IN = <in2> = .4V**
- **NMOS:** .4V = .4V ⇒ **Just at threshold, assume ON (Saturation)**
- **PMOS:** .4V < .6V ⇒ **ON (Saturation/Active)**
- **OUT:** Both transistors ON, **undefined/unknown** (could be somewhere between HIGH and LOW, but in practice, it's a transition region).
### **(c) For IN = <in3> = .2V**
- **NMOS:** .2V < .4V ⇒ **OFF**
- **PMOS:** .2V < .6V ⇒ **ON (Saturation/Active)**
- **OUT:** Pulled **HIGH** (1V, VDD)
---
## 4. **Summary Table**
| IN | PMOS State | NMOS State | OUT |
|-------|------------|------------|---------|
| .8 V | OFF | ON | LOW (V)|
| .4 V | ON | ON | Unknown |
| .2 V | ON | OFF | HIGH (1V)|
---
## 5. **Brief Explanation**
- When **IN is high (.8V)**: NMOS is ON, PMOS is OFF, output is LOW.
- When **IN is low (.2V)**: NMOS is OFF, PMOS is ON, output is HIGH.
- When **IN is at threshold (.4V)**: Both transistors are ON, output is undefined (may be between HIGH and LOW).
---
### **How to Fill the Blanks in Your Question**
- For IN=<in1> (.8V): PMOS state = OFF, NMOS state = SATURATION, OUT = V
- For IN=<in2> (.4V): PMOS state = SATURATION, NMOS state = SATURATION, OUT = UNKNOWN
- For IN=<in3> (.2V): PMOS state = SATURATION, NMOS state = OFF, OUT = 1V
---
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